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Anorexia
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Anorexia – The sickness that robs your fitness

Anorexia nervosa — often simply called anorexia — is an eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat. They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics or enemas.

They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to fear weight gain.

Anorexia isn’t really about food. It’s an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth.

Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over your life and can be very difficult to overcome. But with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse some of anorexia’s serious complications.

Symptoms of Anorexia

The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

It may be difficult to notice signs and symptoms because what is considered a low body weight is different for each person, and some individuals may not appear extremely thin. Also, people with anorexia often disguise their thinness, eating habits, or physical problems.

Physical symptoms:

  • Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains
  • Thin appearance
  • Abnormal blood counts
  • Fatigue
  • Insomnia
  • Dizziness or fainting
  • Bluish discoloration of the fingers
  • Hair that thins, breaks, or falls out
  • Soft, downy hair covering the body
  • Absence of menstruation
  • Constipation and abdominal pain
  • Dry or yellowish skin
  • Intolerance of cold
  • Irregular heart rhythms
  • Low blood pressure
  • Dehydration
  • Swelling of arms or legs
  • Eroded teeth and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting
  • Some people who have anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia. But people with anorexia generally struggle with abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms

Behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by:

  • Severely restricting food intake through dieting or fasting
  • Exercising excessively
  • Bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids, or herbal products

Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include:

  • Preoccupation with food, which sometimes includes cooking elaborate meals for others but not eating them
  • Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat
  • Denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating
  • Eating only a few certain “safe” foods, usually those low in fat and calories
  • Adopting a rigid meal or eating rituals, such as spitting food out after chewing
  • Not wanting to eat in public
  • Lying about how much food has been eaten
  • Fear of gaining weight that may include repeated weighing or measuring the body
  • Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws
  • Complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat
  • Covering up in layers of clothing
  • Flat mood (lack of emotion)
  • Social withdrawal
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
  • Reduced interest in sex

Causes of Anorexia

The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it’s a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

  • Biological. Although it’s not yet clear which genes are involved, there may be genetic changes that make some people at higher risk of developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity, and perseverance — all traits associated with anorexia.
  • Psychological. Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which causes them to think they’re never thin enough. And they may have high levels of anxiety and engage in restrictive eating to reduce it.
  • Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to be thin, particularly among young girls.

Risk factors of Anorexia

Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However, boys and men have increasingly developed eating disorders, possibly related to growing social pressures.

Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. Still, people of any age can develop this eating disorder, though it’s rare in those over 40. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They may also face increased peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.

Certain factors increase the risk of anorexia, including:

  • Genetics. Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. Those with a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who had the disorder have a much higher risk of anorexia.
  • Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.
  • Transitions. Whether it’s a new school, home or job; a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia.

Prevention of Anorexia

There’s no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians, and internists) may be in a good position to identify early indicators of anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown illness. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments.

If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe dieting habits, and dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier behavior or treatment options.

Treatment of Anorexia

Treatment for anorexia is generally done using a team approach, which includes doctors, mental health professionals, and dietitians, all with experience in eating disorders. Ongoing therapy and nutrition education is highly important to continued recovery.

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Migraine
Author Categories Uncategorized 1 Comment on Know your Migraine

Know your Migraine

Migraine is a chronic health condition that entails severe, recurring headaches during a time. Before the inception of the symptoms, the body may feel sensory changes known as an aura. Migraine affects people in different ways. Some patients have an episode weekly, while some have them occasionally. These people may feel a diverse range of triggers, symptoms, or frequency, consequently.

Many researchers have found that adults are more prone to chronic migraine than children. Although in some cases, children below the age of 18 may also be subjected to this disease. This disease’s diagnosis is primarily determined through the family’s clinical history, reported history, or other causes. The most common causes of migraine happen without the aura (usually referred to as common migraines) or those with an atmosphere (typically know as classic migraine).

Migraines can be treated. With proper medications and self-help remedies, headaches, pain could be prevented or become less painful.

The four stages of a Migraine

The four stages of a Migraine

It can start in early childhood. People who have a family history of migraines may go through four stages in their lives: prodrome, aura, attack, and post-drome. However, not everyone, during the inception of their disease, may feel these symptoms.

1.Prodrome

Prodrome is the first set of symptoms that you may feel before the onset of your first migraine. You might notice these subtle changes, telling you the signs of an upcoming migraine. These are-:

  • Food cravings
  • Constipation
  • Mood swings
  • Neck stiffness
  • Increased thirst or urination

2.Aura

Aura is the symptoms that may be felt by the patients before or after the first onset of your migraine. They are visual reversible symptoms of your nervous system. They usually start showing gradually and can last up to 60 minutes. These are-:

  • Vision loss
  • Difficult hearing
  • Sensitive of light 
  • Pins and needles sensation
  • Hearing sounds

3.Attack 

The following symptoms come in the attack phase. This is when the episodes may occur. Some people might feel a headache in their aura phase. The attack may vary from person to person. This phase can last up to hours to days. Some of the symptoms of this phase are-:

  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Sensitivity to light and sounds
  • Pulsing of head
  • Pain on either side of your head; left, right, front, back, or temples.

4.Post- drome

After a migraine attack, a person may feel drained, tired, confused for the day. Some patients might feel elated. 

How does migraine pain feel?

Migraine pain can vary from person to person. Patients who have felt migraine pain described it as-: 

  • Pulsating
  • Throbbing
  • Pounding

Migraine pain can be dull as well as severe. In some people, the pain may initially start as mild, but it could become severe without treatment. The pain usually hits your forehead area, on either side of the head or both sides.

Migraine nausea

Nausea is a common symptom found in people who suffer from migraines. Most people also vomit. Usually, nausea starts with the onset of a headache, but in some cases, it may begin one hour before or after the headache starts.

Nausea and vomiting are as tricky as the headache itself. Although sickness alone can be taken care of with proper medications, vomiting can deteriorate your condition even more, as the pills you may swallow may not be absorbed by the body fast enough.

Treatment of nausea and vomiting

If you suffer from nausea, your doctor may suggest some anti-nausea medications known as antiemetic drugs, which may help out nausea. In some cases, acupressure has also been found successful while treating nausea preventing migraine-associated nausea under 4 hours. 

Doctors usually prefer treating both the ailments rather than together. If you are a nausea and vomiting type patient, your doctors might suggest some preventive prophylactic medications.

When should you do a test?

Your migraine can be diagnosed by doing a medical test. Your doctor may suggest a test after checking your symptoms, your family history, or any physical examination to rule out other complications such as

  • Tumors
  • Stroke
  • Abnormal brain structures

Well, one thing you should know is that migraines can’t be cured. But with proper medications and treatments, you may be able to manage and ease down the symptoms. 

Your treatment should depend -:

  • Your age
  • The type of migraine
  • The severity of the migraine
  • Their time of occurrence, how much pain do you feel, how often do you feel the pain
  • Other symptoms like nausea and vomiting

What causes Migraine

There is no definite cause for migraine. Researchers cannot find the reason behind it, but certain factors are said to trigger the disease. For example, a decrease in the level of serotonin. Some other factors include-:

  • Dehydration
  • Bright lights
  • Loud music or sounds
  • Excessive stress
  • Hormonal change
  • Skipping meals
  • Smoking and alcohol

Migraine treatments-:

Treatments may vary from person to person. Some may include 

  • Lifestyle adjustments
  • Home remedies
  • OTC or migraine medications such as NSAIDs or Tylenol.
  • Preventive migraine medications to ease out the pain
  • Counseling

Some people also go for migraine surgery. There are a couple of procedures used, although not allowed by the U.S food and drug Administration. The American migraine foundation always suggests migraine patients consult a headache specialist. These surgeries are experimental until proven and researchers are doing their best to find out if they work.

Food that might trigger migraine

Certain foods may trigger these headaches more than the others. It is best to avoid these-:

  • Alcohol or caffeine
  • Tyramine (found in natural substances)
  • Monosodium glutamate, nitrates and other food additives

See a doctor

Have around to your doctor if re-occurring headaches start interfering in your life. Explain your symptoms if you have any pain behind the ears and eyes or if you often have headaches. Migraines can be excruciating, and if not treated properly, can become severe.  Preventing your headaches is the best way to manage them.

Check out our recent blog on mental health – https://www.saideephospital.com/2020/11/17/mental-health-disorders-on-the-rise-during-covid/

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Trends to look out for in Dentistry
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Trends to look out for in Dentistry

The public’s innate desire to make considerable efforts to keep their pearly whites in optimum condition and work hard to maintain their oral health is providing an immense tailwind to the industry. People from all social strata are wanting to elevate their smiles.

Since all of us don’t have a picturesque smile, technological advancements in orthodontics have allowed people with dental problems to overcome troubling issues and gain a beautiful smile that fills them with confidence.

Research shows that the coming year will be filled with exciting in-office and digital dental trends, including new technologies, improved business practices, and new ways to optimize the patient experience — and even Robo-dentists. 

Dentistry Trends concerning technology 

  • Dental 3D Printers

3D printers are revolutionizing dentistry and orthodontics by helping to drastically reduce the time and costs associated with the production of custom aligners, tooth replacements, veneers, and crowns. In-house 3D printers also decrease private practices’ dependency on third-party labs and companies that typically design and develop these products. 

  • Laser Dentistry

Laser technology is one of the many dental trends taking the field by storm for various reasons. Its wide array of uses include, but are not limited to, the following: whitening teeth, removing tooth decay, preparing the tooth’s enamel for the filling, reshaping the gums, removing bacteria during a root canal, eradicating lesions.

  • CAD Technology

Computer-aided technology has helped create designs of teeth that help create customized designs for patients for prosthetic treatments like veneers, bridges, and artificial teeth.

Trends concerning procedures

  • Teeth Whitening

Teeth whitening is trending in 2020, with more patients than ever seeking natural-looking & white shining teeth. Yellow teeth are a common problem that can make anyone look less than appealing. Cosmetic dentistry has come up with various solutions for teeth whitening that brighten teeth without any prosthetics.

Clear aligners

Brace wearers are welcoming the latest trend in the dental market. This new technique is an effective alternative to wearing uncomfortable wire-and-band braces. Clear aligners are made with durable transparent plastic and are more comfortable. They can be easily cleaned and are quite comfortable to wear. They can be removed to brush and floss the teeth and then inserted back into the mouth to continue their use.

  • Dental bonding

Dental bonding is quick, easy, and effective in elevating your smile and overall appearance. Many patients have gaps, cracks, and chips in their teeth, making their smile not as attractive as they wish it to be. These are filled with a resin-like material with dental bonding.

  • Dental Implants

Missing teeth can damage an individual’s smile and change their face, making them look older. Traditionally, implants were considered to be an alternative for older people, but now they are increasingly used by the younger generation to get a perfect smile.

  • Gum contouring

Gum contouring is a useful procedure for those with an uneven gum line or those whose gums rest too high or low on their teeth. By reshaping your gums, the shape and size of your teeth can be made to look ideal.

Dentistry Trends with respect to Industry

  • Natural Dental Products

Going green is a popular trend across all industries, especially in personal and professional healthcare. As consumers increasingly opt for more natural products like charcoal toothpaste and bamboo toothbrushes in their personal lives, the incorporation of natural oral hygiene products within your dental practice will be a necessity moving forward.

  • Dental Group Practices

Individual dental practices are on the decline, and group dental practices are on the rise. Treating patients in an efficient and time-friendly manner is more critical now than ever before. Thus dentists are coming together to form group practices to reap economies of scale to tackle increasing costs and eliminate risk. 

  • Automated Patient Tracking & Management Software

Digital automation technology would help streamline, organize, and reduce daily processes both in and out of the office. Its uses are as follows: Text appointment confirmation notifications, pre-recorded follow-up appointment voicemails, online patient portal creation, scheduled social media posts and digital marketing efforts, in-house form submissions via handheld tablet, digital data collection, and organization via cloud-based storage.

Check out our recent blog on root canal treatment – https://www.saideephospital.com/2020/11/29/root-canal-treatment/

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Anesthesia
Author Categories Health care Leave a comment

Critical Care Anesthesia

Keeping patients comfortable, without pain and distress, and continuously monitoring vital signs is what makes this profession so important. 

What is Anesthesia?

Anesthesia is a medical treatment that prevents the feeling or sensation of pain with or without loss of consciousness during medical procedures. Anesthesiology also includes traditional intraoperative care and sub-specialties like chronic pain management and critical care.

Anesthesiologists are specialized doctors who administer anesthetics to patients, depending on the patient and the pain relief required. The various anesthetics administration routes include injection, inhalation, topical lotions, sprays, skin patches, and eye drops. Anesthesia is usually administered to patients who undergo complicated procedures like surgeries. 

What are Anesthetics?

Anesthetics are drugs that reduce or prevent pain. There are mainly three types of anesthetics used.

In a restricted area of the body, local anesthetics are drugs that, upon topical application or local injection, cause a reversible loss of sensory perception, especially pain. 

Regional anesthetics are local anesthetics that block the sensation perception from a larger body area, such as an arm, leg, or abdomen. 

General anesthetics are drugs that cause a reversible loss of consciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and sensation, especially pain. 

When local anesthetics or regional anesthetics are administered, the patient remains conscious, but during the administration of general anesthetics, the patient is unconscious and unaware of his/her surroundings. Anesthetics given to patients in critical care units are usually general anesthetics. 

What do you mean by critical care?

Critical care or Intensive care is a specialized type of care administered to patients with life-threatening injuries and illnesses. They need constant monitoring and comprehensive care and are usually admitted to intensive care units (ICU).

Health-care providers use a lot of different equipment like catheters, dialysis machines, feeding tubes, etc. Devices also monitor the patient’s vital signs and display them on monitors. These machines help keep patients alive, but they can also increase the risk of infection. 

Critical care anesthesia

Critical care anesthesia is a specific type of anesthesia where specialized anesthesiologists care for patients who have recently undergone major surgery or suffer from the effects of severe infections or trauma. 

Critical care anesthesiologists possess the medical knowledge and technical expertise to deal with emergencies. They work in intensive care units as essential doctors of care, also known as intensivists. They have the training to deal with cardiac and pulmonary resuscitation, airway management, advanced life support, and airway control; stabilizing the vitals.

They know how to stabilize and prepare patients for emergency surgeries. They coordinate and work closely with other specialists like surgeons to manage treatments for patients and deliver a full range of care. They act as a connecting link between surgeons and physicians to ensure that they work together effectively and for the same purpose. 

Critical care anesthesiologists continue to care and check on patients multiple times throughout the day and even at night. 

Some of the standard protocols critical care anesthesiologists follow are –

-Monitor the electrical activity of the heart

-Monitor the blood oxygen saturation

-Monitor vital signs like blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate.

Usually, patients in the ICU are given intravenous saline so that they stay hydrated. 

During the coronavirus pandemic, the importance of critical care anesthesia has risen up. Anesthesiologists are working tirelessly to provide the necessary care required for an excessive amount of patients.

The management of COVID-19 patients includes specialized anesthetic care for patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, intubation outside operation theatres, oxygenation and ventilation support for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, emergency management and participation in other patients care aspects.

Anesthesiologists have to be very careful as they will be handling most of the patients with respiratory disorders. Some requirements that need to be followed are 

-All suspected patients must be kept in isolation rooms before their procedure. 

-Anesthesiologists must wear Personal Protective Equipment at all times. 

-Operations, when conducted, should be done in a negative pressure or positive pressure isolation rooms. 

Effect on patients

Effect on patients

Critical care can have a significant impact on patients. Before being administered with anesthesia, patients must undergo a diagnostic assessment to determine his/her ability to survive the stress of anesthesia and surgery. 

Some difficult decisions must be made if the patient is critically ill or closer to death. Some patients may have to be resuscitated. Others can live but only with the aid of machines. The outcomes of these decisions must ensure that the patient undergoes minimal suffering. The entire team of healthcare workers and the patient’s family are involved in making these decisions. 

Anesthesiologists around the world work long hours and fatigable work shifts. Critical care anesthetists have more stress while handling multiple patients and continuously monitoring their vital signs. The coronavirus situation has heavily impacted the work-life of these anesthesiologists, causing even more challenges. 

Anesthesiologists are like the heroes behind a mask who ensure the patient’s safety while other specialists carry out their procedures. We have to thank them to keep us comfortable, pain-free, and in good health.

Do check our recent blog – https://www.saideephospital.com/2020/12/19/multiple-sclerosis/

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Multiple Sclerosis
Author Categories Medical 4 Comments on Multiple Sclerosis – Neurology

Multiple Sclerosis – Neurology

An autoimmune disease is a condition where the immune system starts attacking its own body’s cells. This detrimental effect can lead to various complications and other diseases. The immune system cannot differentiate between foreign cells and its own cells, which leads to this condition. They can either target one organ, in Type 1 diabetes, or target multiple organs, in systemic lupus erythematosus. 

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple Sclerosis, also known as encephalomyelitis disseminate, is an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve cells in the brain and spine. The myelin sheath is an insulating layer of proteins and fats that protects the axon of the nerve cells. This sheath allows proper electrical impulses to take place quickly and efficiently. It is made by two cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.

During multiple sclerosis, the immune system starts eating away at the myelin sheath. It disrupts the electrical signals to pass effectively from cell-to-cell and causes a range of symptoms, from muscle weakness to paralysis in the legs. It can lead to permanent damage or deterioration of nerve cells. When a nerve fiber is exposed, the impulses can be slower or can stop completely.

Statistics

6.4% of women and 2.7% of men are likely to develop some kind of an autoimmune disease at some point in their lifetime. More than 2.3 million people in the world have multiple sclerosis. In India, almost every 5-10 per 1,00,000 individuals have multiple sclerosis. A study in 2015 stated that the number of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis per year had almost doubled. 

Causes Multiple Sclerosis

Since it is an autoimmune disease, the exact cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. However, a couple of factors can increase the risk of this disease. 

  • Age: multiple sclerosis is one of the most common disabilities in younger adults. It can develop at any age but is usually seen in adults from the age of 20-40. 
  • Sex: Women have a double or triple higher chance of developing multiple sclerosis than men. This could be due to the role of female hormones. 
  • Inheritance: multiple sclerosis is not hereditary but it can get passed down generations. The risk of siblings or children developing multiple sclerosis is higher. 
  • Infections: a research article conducted in 2014 states that multiple sclerosis can be linked with microbial infections like Chlamydia pneumonia and staphylococcus aureus produced enterotoxins.
  • Race: Caucasian people, usually of European descent, have the greatest risk of developing multiple sclerosis, whereas people of Asian or African descent, have the least risk.
  • Vitamin D: People with lower levels of vitamin D have a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
  • Climate: climate does not cause this disease but it can worsen the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. This is usually temporary. 

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are unpredictable and can vary from person to person. Some symptoms of multiple sclerosis include:

  • Muscle stiffness, pain and spasms of the extremities.
  • Tingling and numbness in various parts of the body.
  • Vision problems like double vision, blurred vision and sometimes even loss of vision. 
  • Fatigue and weakness due to nerve deterioration in the spinal cord.   
  • Dizziness and incoordination in balance, often similar to vertigo.
  • Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction where patients lose bladder and bowel control. 
  • Cognitive issues like disorientation, shortened attention span and loss in memory. 
  • Emotional health is affected leading to irritability and mood swings.

Diagnosis: 

There is no specific test to diagnose multiple sclerosis. However, various other tests can rule out different diseases with similar symptoms to arrive at a conclusion. They are:

  1. Blood test: A blood test can check for specific biomarkers that may be associated with multiple sclerosis.
  2. Spinal tap: A puncture in the lumbar region of the spine can sample the cerebrospinal fluid for any abnormalities in antibodies. 
  3. Magnetic resonance imaging: An MRI can detect lesions on the brain and spinal cord which could be an underlying cause of multiple sclerosis. 
  4. Evoked potential test: An evoked potential test measures the speed of nerve messages along sensory nerves to the brain and a visual or electrical stimuli test used in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.   

Treatment: 

Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

There is no cure for Multiple sclerosis. Treatment is focused on 3 main concerns:

  1. Treatment for attacks

Corticosteroids: they decrease inflammation but have various side effects like fluid retention, mood swings, and an increase in blood pressure and blood glucose levels.

Plasma exchange: exchanging plasma in the blood for albumin is used when the patient doesn’t respond to steroids

  1. Treatment to slow the progression

Treatment in the early stages can lower the relapse rate, slow the formation of new lesions, and reduce the risk of brain atrophy. For primary-progressive MS, ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) is the only FDA-approved disease-modifying therapy. There are various options available for relapses of MS such as Injectables (Interferon beta medication, Glatiamer acetate), oral medication (Dimethyl fumarate, Teriflunomide), or infusion treatments (Natalizumab). 

  1. Treatment for symptoms

Physiotherapy: Stretching and strengthening exercises can reduce muscle weakness and improve gait problems. 

Muscle relaxants: Relieves muscle stiffness and spasms.

Medications to reduce fatigue and improve mood: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can be used for depression and Amantadine can decrease fatigue. 

Conclusion:

Living with any chronic illness is not an easy task. The key to combating the ill effects of multiple sclerosis is early detection, right treatment, and therapy. It is important that one continues to move on with their daily tasks as much as possible. Having a positive outlook on life can really help make multiple sclerosis not as intimidating as it is. 

Do check our recent blog – https://www.saideephospital.com/2020/11/17/the-most-common-dental-problem-pyria/

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